Alpaca Facts (Vicugna pacos)

The alpaca (Vicugna pacos) is the smallest species of camel. Alpacas are closely related to llamas, but they are smaller and have shorter muzzles. While llamas are raised for meat and fur and are used as pack animals, alpacas are kept for their silky, hypoallergenic fleece. Fast Facts: Alpaca Scientific Name: Vicugna pacosCommon Name: AlpacaBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 32-39 inchesWeight: 106-185 poundsLifespan: 15-20 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: Worldwide, except AntarcticaPopulation: 3.7 millionConservation Status: Not Evaluated (domesticated) Description There are two alpaca breeds. They are the same in terms of height and weight, but the Huacaya appears bulky because of its dense, curly, sponge-like fiber, while the Suri has longer, silkier fiber that hangs in locks. Breeders estimate less than 10% of alpacas are Suris. Both breeds come in a wide array of colors and coat patterns. On average, adult alpacas range from 32 to 39 inches in height at the shoulders and weigh between 106 and 185 pounds. Males tend to be about 10 pounds heavier than females. Alpacas are the smallest members of the camelid family. Llamas stand nearly 4 feet tall at the shoulder and weigh up to 350 pounds, while camels may reach 6.5 feet at the shoulder and weigh over 1,300 pounds. Alpacas have shorter muzzles and ears than llamas. Mature male alpacas and llamas have fighting teeth. A few females develop these additional teeth, too. Llamas in Machu Pichu, Peru. itakayuki  / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Thousands of years ago in Peru, vicuà ±as were domesticated to produce alpacas. Alpacas can breed with llamas, which were domesticated from guanacos. Modern alpacas carry mitochondrial DNA from both vicuà ±as and guanacos. When the Spanish conquistadors invaded the Andes in 1532, 98% of the alpaca population died from disease or was destroyed. Up to the 19th century, alpacas lived almost exclusively in Peru. Today, there are about 3.7 million alpacas. They are found everywhere in the world, except Antarctica. Alpacas are adapted to live at high altitudes with temperate conditions, but they readily adapt to a wide range of habitats. Diet Alpacas are herbivores that graze on grass, hay, and silage. Ranchers sometimes supplement their diet with grain. Like other camelids, alpacas have three-chambered stomachs and chew cub. However, they are not ruminants. A group of white alpacas on a farm in Scotland. Gannet77 / Getty Images Behavior Alpacas are social herd animals. A typical group consists of an alpha male, one or more females, and their offspring. Although alpacas can be aggressive, they are extremely intelligent, easily trained, and able to form strong bonds with humans. Lamoids, including alpacas, communicate via body language and vocalization. Sounds include humming, snorting, grumbling, screaming, screeching, clucking, and snorting. Alpacas can spit when stressed or to indicate lack of interest in a mate. Technically, the spit consists of stomach contents rather than saliva. Alpacas urinate and defecate in a communal dung pile. This behavior makes it possible to house train an alpaca. Reproduction and Offspring While alpacas can breed any time of the year, most ranchers choose spring or autumn. Females are induced ovulators, which means mating and semen cause them to ovulate. For breeding, a male and female may be housed in a pen together or one male may be placed in a paddock with several females. Gestation lasts 11.5 months, resulting in a single offspring, which is called a cria. Rarely, twins may be born. A newborn cria weighs between 15 and 19 pounds. Crias may be weaned when they are six months old and weigh about 60 pounds. Although females are receptive to breeding within a couple of weeks of giving birth, overbreeding can lead to uterine infections and other health problems. Most ranchers only breed alpacas once a year. Females may be bred when they are at least 18 months old and have reached two-thirds of their mature weight. Males may be allowed to breed when they are two to three years of age. The average alpaca lifespan is 15 to 20 years. The longest-lived alpaca reached 27 years of age. An alpaca cria is a smaller version of its parents.   PHOTO 24 / Getty Images Conservation Status Because they are domesticated animals, alpacas do not have a conservation status. The species is abundant and has grown in popularity as demand for alpaca fiber has increased. Alpacas and Humans Alpacas are kept as pets or for their fleece. The fleece is silky, flame-resistant, and lanolin-free. Usually, alpacas are sheared once a year in the spring, yielding between five and ten pounds of fleece per animal. Although they are not routinely killed for meat, alpaca meat is palatable and high in protein. Sources Chen, B.X.; Yuen, Z.X. Pan, G.W. Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). J. Reprod. Fertil. 74 (2): 335–339, 1985.Salvà ¡, Bettit K.; Zumalacà ¡rregui, Josà © M.; Figueira, Ana C.; Osorio, Marà ­a T.; Mateo, Javier. Nutrient composition and technological quality of meat from alpacas reared in Peru. Meat Science. 82 (4): 450–455, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.02.015Valbonesi, A.; Cristofanelli, S.; Pierdominici, F.; Gonzales, M.; Antonini, M.  Comparison of Fiber and Cuticular Attributes of Alpaca and Llama Fleeces. Textile Research Journal. 80 (4): 344–353 2010. doi:10.1177/0040517509337634Wheeler, Jane C. South American camelids – past, present and future. Journal of Camelid Science. 5: 13, 2012.

The Theory Of Social Work Practice - 2829 Words

Introduction Social work practice is also known as a type of practice that is used to help and assist individuals that are struggling while under the condition of welfare and social issues. There are multiple social work practice fields and centers that many social workers can assist clients in, such as substance abuse centers, domestic violence centers, and child welfare centers. A resourceful tool that can be used for social workers to help understand and connect theories and social work concepts and tie them with social work practical tasks. This model is called a personal practice model. When assisting a client, regardless of what field the social worker is taking part in, it is important to know more about the client. They should be understood through different social and psychological theories, cultural competencies, and personal and professional values. Practice Components Conceptual Frameworks There are many different types of theories that relate to social work practice. However, there are three types of theories and perspectives in particular that relate to social work practice shaping society. These three theories are the systems theory, empowerment perspective, and the strengths perspective. The systems theory involves a structure that can shape social workers how they can view the world (Kirst-Ashman, 2012). According to Kirst-Ashman (2012), understanding the systems theory is important because it can help generalist practice social worker target any systemShow MoreRelatedThe Theories And Practices Of The Social Work Profession1379 Words   |  6 Pagesin the social work profession, there are many theories and practices that are used to help each client. Every social worker uses theories differently and has their own therapy techniques that they use with clients, depending on the situation that the client is in and what they are most likely to r espond to. Person Centered Theory (PCT) and therapy was developed by Carl Rogers (Walsh, 2015). This approach allows the client to be at the center of their own therapy. Person Centered Theory believesRead MoreSocial Work Practice Theory Paper1442 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Work Practice Theory Paper Introduction For this paper, I have decided to research two social work theories and how those theories apply to residents in long term care facilities. The primary focus will be those residents who are alert, oriented, and showing minimal symptoms of dementia. Problem population In my practice as a social worker in a long term care setting, I have become aware these are the resident who lack to ability to care for themselves due to physical limitations as opposedRead MoreInfluence Of Systems Theory And Whanau Ora Approach On Social Work Practice Essay2587 Words   |  11 Pagesessay will discuss what social work is and its role in New Zealand society. This essay will then examine the influence of Systems Theory and the Whanau Ora approach on social work practice. 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This essay will explain how the levels of social work practice influence each other, followed by examples of t his influence, particularly focusing on attachmentRead MoreThe Stepping Stone Of Theory1279 Words   |  6 Pages The Stepping Stone of Theory: Biopsychosocial Spiritual Assessment Lindsey Hathaway Virginia Commonwealth University â€Æ' Introduction: The Use of Theory in Social Work Social Workers use theory as a lens through which to understand interactions around them and in the lives of their clients. Theories are attempts to describe the interactions between individuals, families, organizations, policies, and social groups. In clinical social work, a theory is the basis with which one is able to assessRead MoreCanadian Social Work Practice : A New Horizon Of Learning Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesCanadian Social Work Practice: A New Horizon of Learning My clear and definite understanding of critical theories and postmodern thoughts provides me significant and appropriate frameworks to practice as a progressive social worker in Canadian context (Morley, 2003). My exploration of reflective practice and the fundamentals of critical self reflection approach enhanced my understanding of specific client situations. Moreover, my learning about anti-racist and anti-oppressive practice helps meRead MoreAnti Islam : Anti Oppressive Practice Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesGROUP WORK ASSIGNMENT ON: - ANTI-OPPRESSIVE PRACTICE Name – KOUSHIK MAHATO Enrolment No. - M2015CJ010 Course Teacher - Prof. BIPIN JOJO INTRODUCTION ‘Anti-Oppressive Practice’- is an umbrella term that encircles radical, structural, critical, feminist, liberal, anti-racist framework practice approaches. But it is not limited within those approaches. Anti-Oppressive social work is a practice represents the theories and approaches of social justice. Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP) is

Faculty Evaluation System Free Essays

A proposed Faculty Performance Evaluation System for university of the Visayas-Dalaguete† Problem Statement The Faculty Performance Evaluation System will seek to answer what enhancement and design the school can adopt for a more effective and efficient automated System. Our project will provide the benefits and help the school to collect the feedback from the students and provide security and privacy respectively. Specifically, it endeavors to answer the following questions: 1 . We will write a custom essay sample on Faculty Evaluation System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why is there a need to replace the manual system with an automated one? . What will be the benefits of having the automated faculty performance evaluation system In the university of the Visayas – Dalaguete? 3. How can automated faculty performance evaluation system help the school? 4. How can we provide security to our system? ED: What are the first steps that SIG schools and districts should take when re- thinking their teacher evaluation systems? CD: First, there needs to be an Intense dialogue with faculty members about what constitutes good teaching. They need to develop a shared understanding of what is good practice. They can do a book study hat defines good teaching in a coherent way, what it looks like, and what counts as evidence of good teaching. I’ve worked on a framework for effective teaching. The big Idea that underlines this framework is that students learn from high levels of student intellectual engagement. There’s a ton of research on that, but it’s hard to do because In general, students aren’t taught that way. The challenge Is to get people to understand how to engage students in learning. Second, there needs to be an effort to create a culture in the school around continued learning and professional inquiry. You’re not done learning when you start teaching. Teaching is enormously complex work that people work to master over their entire careers. No one should act like it’s easy because It’s not. Then, teachers can move to on the ground work with students. They can analyze student work for levels of student engagement. If they have money to spend, they can get equipment to videotape themselves teaching to use for self- reflection. tx a powerful technology because teachers can watch their own lesson, observe other teachers, share their practice, and engage in dialogue. ED: Are there t Of2 speclTlc cnallenges In Implementing a tnougntTul evaluatlon system In low- erforming schools? CD: Not really. It’s the same challenge, Just harder. One of the problems in low-performing schools is that teacher turnaround is higher, which means they could hav e more novice teachers. Beginning teachers, because they are inexperienced, need more intensive supervision and coaching than do their more experienced colleagues. It’s essential that both the teacher and the district ascertain whether they are a good match. On the flip side, of course, new teachers frequently come with a lot of energy and enthusiasm for the work, and that can make a real contribution to a school. But the higher level of supervision by a principal takes time, and that’s one of the issues with any evaluation system – finding the time to do it well. I don’t think it’s helpful or harmful. It’s Just the nature of it. There’s also the school culture element. Let’s say you’re my principal and a typical observation is one where you come in, observe my lesson, write it down, and tell me what I did wrong or right. l, as a teacher, have done nothing. If the school culture is one of inspection, then all I would want to do is to â€Å"get through† the evaluation. I’m not going to try anything interesting in my class while you’re there. That typical process of where my role as a teacher is passive. There’s no learning for me as a teacher. Creating a different type of culture is a leadership challenge. For the new teachers not to be performing at the same level as experienced teachers – that’s natural. The culture should be one where professional growth and learning are understood to be part of everyone’s Job forever, and learning is not a sign of deficiency. To have an effective teacher evaluation system, you need good, trained evaluators and more time from teachers and administrators to discuss performance and improve teaching and learning. ED: What about the problem of resources, especially in times of budget cuts? How do schools and districts keep their commitment to this type of a teacher evaluation system? CD: I don’t think it’s a resource problem. It’s a prioritization problem and also a training issue for evaluators. When a teacher or union activist says that principals don’t know what they are doing when theyre evaluating teachers, they are usually right! One of the things I’m working on is an actual evaluator certification program. The need for credentialing evaluators has been written into state law in a few places including Illinois and New York. How to cite Faculty Evaluation System, Papers

Bill of Rights free essay sample

This paper argues the right interpretation of Bill of Rights, presenting the opinions of two political scientists Leonard W. Levy and Akhil Reed Amar. This paper examines the Bill of Rights. It shows that this is not only an ambiguous document but its interpretation has not generated the kind of application it needs in todays world. Levy and Amars argument and interpretation through historical evidence show this fact. Their two interpretations are presented, compared and analyzed. Two of the most renowned authors in American history, Amar and Levy attempt to rejuvenate Bill of Rights, by interpreting its usage for this century. While one takes a liberal view of the Bill, the other takes a very detailed interpretation of the connotation of the law prevalent at the time. Leonard W. Levy in his Origins of the Bill of Rights argues that the Bill of Rights is not only a militarized document but also it is also a document for the purpose of the ruling class. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill of Rights or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand Akhil Reed Amar in his The Bill of Rights argues that the rights of the individuals is incorporated in the Bill but it needs further interpretation for proper application.

David Rosand Venetian Aesthetic and the Disegno-Coloritd Controversy Essay Example

David Rosand: Venetian Aesthetic and the Disegno-Coloritd Controversy Essay David Rosand: Venetian Aesthetic and the Disegno-Coloritd Controversy 1 . Florentine Acadaemia delle Arts del Disegno represented values first formulated in quattrocento Florence 2. New Renaissance artist = valued fame over money, work = liberal, not mechanical, intellectual not material 3. One of Vasaris greatest contributions = assembling various artists within a single organization 4. Disegno three padre art= architecture, sculpture and painting a. Florentine artists had no issue with going across mediums so they could paint, sculpture, etc. a. i. This would ave been illegal in Venice 0 be exclusive in one thing 5. Venetian architecture paved the way for the emancipation of painting in quattrocento Florence 6. Vasari practical and theoretical importance of drawing 7. Disegno provides the measure of progress in the arts from their rebirth with Giotto to the overwhelming teleological achievement of Michelangelo a. Drawing is viewed as the key to the entire imaginative process, the medium of the painters very thought as well as of its concrete expression 8. The quality of the drawing provides critical measure of the aintings 9. Vasaris definition of painting a place the surface of which is covered by fields of colors bounded by lines which by virtue of a good drawing of circumscribed lines define the fgure. 10. Ducal palaces frescoes deteriorated because of humidity and salinity of a lagoon 0 paintings on canvases became the new way of painting in Venice a. Canvas became the tradition, paint with oil medium, apply color in glazes, darker tones over lighter ground, the painter could create a light that seemingly emanate from the depths of the picture itself b. We will write a custom essay sample on David Rosand: Venetian Aesthetic and the Disegno-Coloritd Controversy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on David Rosand: Venetian Aesthetic and the Disegno-Coloritd Controversy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on David Rosand: Venetian Aesthetic and the Disegno-Coloritd Controversy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Panel pictures ere still popular, but cabinet pictures for private patrons became popular b. i. The new technique involved a reversal of priorities and sequence in executions 1 1 . Girogiones tonalism was different because of the actual texture of paint 0 characters share a common atmosphere and appear to share a communality of fabric 12. Girogione would paint directly onto the canvas, no preliminary drawing 0 this was very different compared to the common accepted knowledge of drawing first and then painting 13. Disegno becomes the central issue in the great aesthetic debate f the cinquecentro, which would establish a basic tenet of international academic doctrine for the next two centuries at least 14. Vasari did see the achievement in Venetian painting, even though he thought that drawing was very important 15. Vasari used a technique described as brushes as big as the broom 16. Giorgione and Titian constantly were altering and adjusting their compositions in the course of executing the work. 17. Venetians viewed painting and drawing as two separate things 18. Venetian draftsmanship can be understood through Venetian painting 9. Venetians, according to Vasari, lacked the means of freeing themselves from slavish dependence on nature and were forced to conceal under the superficial charm of coloring their ineptitude about drawing 20. Copy ancient sculptures to get the idea 21 . Venetians generally do not use the term colore, but rather colorito or colorure, applied, the effect of color depends on the painters brush 22. Maniera the blending of colors, which is softness, the working of colors to distinguish the individual parts, the highlighting and deepening of tones 23. II colpo sprezzante bold stroke, the freedom of coloring and muting or scumbling to create greater tonal unity 24. Florentine color serves to enhance delineated formal distinctions 25. The controversy between Venetian and Florentine art revealed fundamental differences in value a. Venetian colorito tendency toward the allusive and the implicit, its refusal to yield to objective control Comparative Merits of the Arts 1 . Comparison of art = popular during middle ages 0 artists claimed the right to be admitted among the members of the seven liberal arts, secure a higher social status . Writers constantly wrote about this comparison and it was often apparent which side they appreciated more 3. Leonardo on the Paragone a. The only difference between painting and sculpting is that the sculptor has more physical fatigue 0 sculpts by the force of his arm b. Sculptors look like theyVe worked hard, baker-like because the white powder of the stone gets all over their faces c. Painters are the exact opposite, very clean and works with great ease d. Sculptors have to make their work look good from all sides, this can be a mental fatigue for the culptor, even though in reality his fatigue is only physical d. . If you take off to much stone you cannot Just add more like a painter can d. ii. Excessive removal of material arises from his ignorance, which makes him remove more or less than he should e. Painter has 10 different subjects to consider in carrying his work to completion e. i. fewer matters to consider and consequently is less fatiguing to the mind than is painting g. Paintings have to look like they are detached from a wall or any other flat surface h. Sculpture has to make it appear as it is . Painter has to evaluate quantities of shadows ad light j. Painting has greater mental analysis, more marvelous in that sense than sculpture k. Painting Justifies by reference to nature the reasons of the pictures with follow its laws l. Bas-relief seen from the front. Less work than doing the whole sculpture, but more study m. The way the light hits a sculpture must be the same as the light that hit it when it was being made because if it is not than there is a strong likelihood that the sculpture will be distorted 4. Varachis Inquiry . Sculpture is more permanent than painting, they insist on it being more beautiful and noble, a statue takes much more effort than a painted fgure b. The work must look good from all views 5. Michaelangelo a. Painting is considered excellent in proportion as it approaches the effect of relief while relief is considered bad in proportion as it approaches the effect of painting b. He says that painting and sculpting are one in the same 6. Pinos a. Sculpture executed by adding is modeling which is considered inferior to marble scultupure

My Path to Success Essays

My Path to Success Essays My Path to Success Essay My Path to Success Essay My Path to Success Growing up, I had spent a lot of my time building and creating different structures with Lego sets and seeing what crazy extravagant model I could create next. My Father was always proud of me and thought of me being an engineer after seeing each Lego model that I had created. The influence of my father led me to believe that engineering would be as easy as a Lego set and therefore, I started out with my major as engineering. Though, now that I know what I want to do, engineering is out of the question. I researched and sought out what I want to do with the rest of my life. I ant to be a geologist. There is not very much that stands in my way on my path to success. I mean of course there is still a lot of college hours I need to acquire, but with time and effort I believe I will get those hours slowly and surely. Money is always another issue cause, no surprise, college is expensive, but I have financial aid and that gives me plenty of extra money I need for text books, living expenses, food, and other necessities needed to help me get through this time in my life. My life at my apartment with my three other roommates is quite the experience. Sometimes my roommate and his irlfriend get into rough arguments and verbally fght but usually it doesnt last long, and if I am studying I can usually Just tone them out. One of my roommates is actually pretty good at math so he helps me out sometimes when he gets the chance to. So, what I need to do to achieve my goal is to continue living life and living up to my responsibilities. There is not a lot I cant handle and I believe that I will reach my goal to become a geologist with time and effort. We must use time wisely and forever realize that the time is always ripe to do right. Nelson Mandela

Should gay couples be able to marry Research Paper

Should gay couples be able to marry - Research Paper Example Regardless of the legality the same-sex marriages, research show its trend moving in an upward direction. Therefore, this manuscript will critically analyze the issue of same-sex marriages, vitally weighing the positive and the negative aspects of same-sex marital union. Same-sex marriage is an issue that has raised concern for a long time in most communities across the globe. Moreover, the US is among many countries around the world that has experienced many protests, some campaigning for the same-sex marriages, while others against this form of marital union (Mello 64). The pro-gay marriage activists cite several reasons for their relentless campaign for legalization of same-sex marriages. Firstly, these activists argue that gay couples have equal rights as other couple and that disallowing them to practice same-sex marriage is against the freedom of association (Rimmerman and Wilcox 176). Moreover, they argue that it hampers the group’s freedom of religion choice. In additi on, they argue that refuting same-sex marriage is an example of prejudice against the minority, since gay believers form a small minority in most communities across the globe. These critics allege that it has no negative effect on other individuals, since it only affects the gay believers (Aldarondo 122). Some even claim that any marriage should be based on love, regardless of which sex an individual is. Furthermore, pro-gay campaigners argue that same-sex marriage is the in-thing, and civilized individuals should adapt to this ‘modern’ lifestyle. Another reason cited by these activists is that an increase in the number of gay marriages is advantageous to the society, since it will increase the number of child adoptions within societies. This, they claim is possible, since gays are unable to have children and will only rely on adoption (Cahill 53). Some activists claim that a gay union is an association, just like the business associations. As such, people should be all owed to associate, just like other business associates are free to unite. Moreover, these campaigners argue that since the marriage entails, two individuals of the same sex, the two partners will have equal rights (Hull 124). Therefore, since the partners are of the same gender, they will have same responsibilities, thereby improving the financial capability of the couple. On the other hand, the majority of the world communities do not support same-sex marital unions, based on several factors. For instance, the main world religions do not support gay marriage since it is against their sacred teachings (Snyder 99). According to these world religions, marriage should be a sacred union between a man and a woman, with the principal purpose of procreating. As a result, gay marriage does not fit in any world religion. However, gay activists may retaliate to this by alleging that most states’ constitutions provide for freedom of worship as long as it does not harm other individuals (Snyder 98). Same-sex marriage supporters claim to increase the rate of child adoption. However, anti-gays claim that a gay family setting is not a suitable environment to raise children, since these children may grow up with socially unnatural and unaccepted norms. As a result, these children may have serious problems while they grow and interact with other children. This will also bring confusion to the children

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Marketing Plan - Essay Example The taxation polices and international relations of these countries have influenced the functioning of the organization (Acton, 2013). High inflation rates and global economic condition have increased poverty and unemployment in different counties that has affected the charities and expenses. In addition, social changes and behavior of the contributors have changed. The technological development has enhances online access of the people for awareness. 1. Under the section 501(c)3, the organization chosen to present is the ‘GuideStar’. The non-profit group ‘Plan International USA Inc.’ is a GuideStar organization aims to provide relief services and aims to end the cycle of poverty, the organization is exempted from federal income tax and works for the charity and welfare people. 2. The organization aims to end the cycle of poverty among the children all around the world. It aims to provide welfare services to these poor children in fifty developing countries through collaboration and contributions of different communities. It provides healthcare program, education projects, and child protective initiatives to children suffering from poverty. 4. I selected ‘GuideStar’ group because it works for the prosperity for the poor children around the world. In addition, the organization provides different charity, welfare educational and health institutions for poor children. Analyzing situation analysis of GuideStar, it can be determined that the operations of the organization have improved (Ferrell & Michael, 2012). The management emphasizes on the development and encouragement of its voluntary that has decreased the administration expenses of the company. In addition, the contributors of the organization have increased their charities to the organization. One of the major weaknesses of the organization is that it focuses on projects in only fifty counties, whereas the other organizations are focused on a

Response to Kant and Singer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response to Kant and Singer - Essay Example Unlike other non-human animals that readily adopt to their surroundings, humans often change their surrounding in order to make it more comfortable. As such, humans have sophisticated social and intellectual setup and therefore steers the relationship with other animals. The two scholars thus explain that humans must appreciate the role and position of the other animals thus developing a natural ecosystem for the other animals to prosper on their own. Kent explains the need for the liberation of animals as a fundamental social feature that he likens to the many other liberal movements throughout the history of humans. By likening the need for animal liberation to the liberation of blacks in the United States, the renowned philosopher strives to develop a mental image of the issue and its importance. Animal rights are specific entitlements that humans accord animals in order to foster their lives and place in the society. The scholar explains that the current society experiences intense animal-human conflicts most of which result in the loss of ether human or animal lives (Kant 54). He explains that the case should not remain this way since the ecosystem can accommodate both the animals and the humans. He therefore calls for responsive relationship between animals and humans thus ensuring that each group enjoys its life to the fullest. Peter Singer shares the ideas of Immanuel Kant who calls for the liberation of animals. Kant believes that treating animals humanely enhances the human-animal interactions thus minimizing the risks associated with such relationships. This implies Singer would appreciate and call for the implementation of Kant’s hypothesis. In the article, Kant argues that only those who exhibit rationality have moral worth. Rationality refers to a degree of levelheadedness that enables an individual to weigh his actions thus make appropriate decisions, those that do not show disregard to the social values.

Extended-Range Electric Vehicle

Extended-Range Electric Vehicle Abstract The main objective of this research is to extend the range of an electric vehicle  to cover a required distance with minimum usage of energy at least cost. This is  done by coupling an internal combustion engine to a generator which will charge  the batteries, when the charge level of the batteries comes down. Extended Range Electric Vehicle 1 Background Extended-range electric vehicles (EREV): Extended-range electric vehicles (EREV) are  the type of vehicles which run on electricity and a generator which is powered by either petrol or diesel. The generator is not used to run the vehicle whereas it helps in charging  the battery when charge goes less than 30%. The term extended range is used to indicate  that range of vehicle travel can be increased and this can be accomplished by using the  above method. [9] The normal electric vehicles are the ones which run only on the battery and when the  charge depletes, we need to _nd a charging point and need to wait until it gets fully  charged before continuing the travel. This type of vehicle is more suitable for short distance travel as this kind of vehicle will be having lesser range, when compared to other  vehicles which runs on fuel. The other kind of vehicles that are more recently being used is Hybrid vehicle. This is  powered by combination of petrol or diesel engine and a battery [10]. The propulsion  system will usually be of more than one type. When charge runs out of the battery the  internal combustion engine starts to work to power the vehicle and vice versa.   2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction: The Extended Range Electric Vehicle (E-REV) is a unique kind of vehicle, where battery  and internal combustion engine required for propulsion are sized in a way such that the  engine will not be required for the vehicle operation when there is enough charge in the  battery. There is no need to start the engine for any power or speed requirement. The  only time the engine is used is to charge the battery when the charge depletes and becomes incapable of driving any further. [1] Electric motors are more e_cient when compared to internal combustion engine with  very high power-to-weight ratios which provides required torque when driving over a  wide speed range. On the other hand internal combustion engines are e_cient when it  operates at a constant speed. The working of internal combustion engine is more complicated when compared to electric motor [8]. The main advantage of using E-REV is the  fuel consumption is saved as very little fuel is used to charge the battery. The bene_t  is to both the people and society as running cost is reduced and on the other and the  pollution from the vehicle is minimized. The main problem with the fuel powered vehicles is the energy consumption is high. Energy production worldwide is growing annually by 2% as the demand is increasing due  to population growth and industrial activities. In this situation Electric Vehicles provide a very good means of transportation. And still  we dont prefer electric vehicles because of their poor range, even the best electric scooters  having a range of only 40km in real world conditions. This is one of the main disadvantages of electric vehicles/ scooters. In the present year due to depletion of fossil fuels,  electric vehicle provide a clean mode of transportation. Since, these vehicles soul utilizes  electricity for the transportation purpose, need of fossil fuel derivatives like gasoline and  diesel are avoided. [3] But battery operated vehicles (electric vehicles) have an uncertainty with respect to the  distance travelled for a given charge level (range). In most of the cases the charge may  not be su_cient to cover the desired distance which will fail the objective. The main objective of EREV is to achieve larger distance with minimum usage of energy  at least cost by taking electric scooter as a source. The solution will go like this- Coupling  an Internal Combustion (IC) Engine to a generator (mobile type) which will charge the  batteries, when the charge level of the batteries comes down. So while travelling, if the  charge level comes down, IC engine will be turned ON and generator will charge the  batteries until _nding a plug in source. [7] In this IC engine is coupled with a Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor  (which acts as a generator) and the whole set is mounted on the foot board of the electric  scooter. Connections are made between the generator and batteries through a charging  circuit (to avoid load uctuation). In this _rst IC engine (Petrol/Kerosene run, 3000 rpm, and 1.1 kW) is mounted on the  foot board of an electric scooter. It can also be fabricated and placed under the seat, if  the engine is small and portable Then Flywheel of IC engine is connected to a PMDC Motor (60V, 5 amps @3000 RPM),  the power developed at the ywheel was coupled to the PMDC Motor through the V  Belt drive and a rated power output of 300 W (60V x 5A). The connections were given to the batteries through a charging circuit which helps in  developing the required current levels. Here 4 x 12V series connected batteries need to  be charged which requires 1.2 x 48 which is equal to 57.6V and hence 60V PMDC Motor  is used. And this is because of voltage drop on application of load. 2.2 Scope: Improved e_ciency(RANGE) Increased energy security Decreased Emissions Reduced travel costs Engine can be detached for shorter distance Petroleum used is less 2.3 Some of the challenges are: Charging time is more [2] Measuring fuel economy is di_cult need of extra space in the vehicle Limited weight carrying capacity Needs more space for the engine Initial high investment Contents Features Range 40-50 Kms Top speede 40Km/hr Charging Time 4-6 hours Brakes 4 meter braking distance Motor type Permanent magnet synchronous motor Motor driving power 500W Battery Sealed lead acid, 12V 17Ah in series 2.4 Components Of Extended Range Electric Vehicle: Fig-2.1 Components of E-REV There are two operation modes: the pure electric vehicle (EV) mode and the range extended electric vehicle mode. For daily short-distance travel, the vehicle operates in pure  battery EV mode without the range extender. At weekend, you can assemble the range  extender on the EV for a long distance travel. The generator set is controlled with constant speed and its output is constant voltage  and frequency, such as 220V, 50Hz. The output of the generator set is connected to the  interface of the charger. Unlike a conventional generator set, this generator set provides  rated output by controlling the output current of the charger. This ensures that the generator set works at the highest e_cient point and has a low emission. The battery can  also be charged by the charger with a household outlet or fast charged at charging station.   Percentage of EV mode driving determined by total distance driven beyond vehicles all electric range 35 miles of each segment would be driven in EV mode if: All charging events end with a full battery Vehicles EV mode range is exactly 35 miles Of course EV mode operation varies based on charging duration, power level, battery  state of charge at beginning of charge, driving style, conditions, etc.[6] 2.5 Distance between charging events v/s Percentage of vehicles: It is very important to note that about 32% of Electric vehicles o_er a range or distance  covered per charge of about 40-45 kms. To cover any distance beyond the normal range, the Electric vehicle has to be charged  once again using a Plug-In source which is the main drawback of the electric vehicle which  is need to be recti_ed. 2.6 Ending State Of Charge (SOC) v/s Percentage of charging units: From the below graph it is inferred that about 90% of the recharging event happens at  home location, meaning that if the range of Electric vehicle is about 40km, then they end  up in home before completing 40km to recharge. This is one of the biggest disadvantages which hinder the use of Electric Scooter.[6] 2.7 Charging Circuit Speci_cations: 12V Battery Maximum voltage for charging is 14.5 Volts Charging Current Maximum charging current should not exceed 10% of maximum A/H  capacity of Battery. Example: For 100AH Battery 10% = 100/10= 10A. In the experiment 12V / 17AH battery is used. Maximum Charging Current I = 17/10 = 1.7 A. Minimum Charging Voltage V = 2.35 V /Cell x 6 = 14.10 V This means for four batteries, = 14.10 x 4 = 56 V 2.8 Outcome: First, the cost required to travel 80 kms in a gasoline scooter is calculated for which  cost comes around AUD 6. Next Conventional Electric scooter for which the experiment is conducted took  about AUD 1 (Cost of Current) to cover the same distance. The main disadvantage is to _nd the plug-in source after the use of _rst charge  which is about 40kms. Then covering 80kms in a single stretch is not possible. Then Extended Range Electric Scooter is used and the cost came around AUD 2  to travel the same distance. Here it runs as an electric scooter for _rst 40km and once the charge is empty, then  the IC Engine-PMDC Motor setup is switched on mechanically to travel the next  40km. 2.9 Features of the electric scooter: Power Consumption: One Unit (for complete charge). Safe speed and easy to drive. Low maintenance cost. 2 seater vehicle (The vehicle is designed to carry a maximum payload of 130 kgs.) For shorter distance engine can be removed and can run only on electricity. 3 Methodology Fig-3.1 Electric scooter with Range Extender STEP 1: Mounting an IC engine (Petrol/Kerosene run, 3000 rpm, and 1.1kW) on the  foot board of an electric scooter. STEP 2: Flywheel of IC engine is connected to a PMDC Motor. STEP 3: The power developed at the ywheel was coupled to the PMDC Motor through  the V Belt drive. STEP 4: The connections were given to the batteries through a charging circuit which  helps in developing the required current levels.   STEP 5: When the charge indicator shows charge is less, IC engine will be turned ON  mechanically. STEP 6: PMDC Motor will produce electricity to maintain the battery level until _nd-ing a plug in source. STEP 7: The power developed from the engine generates electricity through the PMDC  motor and charges the batteries through the Charging Circuit. The charging circuit  charges the batteries at the rate of 3 A. STEP 8: The Scooter will be tested for the improved range. 4 Conclusion and Summary Based on the tests carried out to extend the range of the electric scooter as explained in  the previous chapter and within the scope of this investigation the following conclusions  have been drawn. 1. Initially the Electric scooter runs on Battery charge completely and when the charge  is low, the IC engine runs the scooter by charging the batteries simultaneously.   2. The range of electric scooter is e_ectively increased by using IC Engine PMDC  setup through the charging circuit. 3. The range of Extended Range Electric Vehicle(E-REV) is comparatively more than  the conventional Electric vehicles. 4. On conducting tests with varying some of the parameter following observations is  made: When input current(amps) to the charging circuit increases, the time taken to  charge the batteries decreases. 5. On the basis of comparison between the results obtained of Extended Range Electric Vehicle(E-REV) and conventional Electric Scooter it is clear that the distance  covered per charge is comparatively more for E-REV. References [1] Extended-range electric vehicles (E-REV)  https://www.goultralow.com/more-about-electric-cars/types-of-vehicles/range-extended/ [2] Beginners guide to electric cars The Charging Point  http://www.thechargingpoint.com/beginners-guide.html/ [3] Techsplanations: Extended-Range Electric Vehicles  http://www.autoblog.com/2013/12/20/extended-range-electric-vehicles/ [4] Low-noise range extender dispels battery runtime angst  http://www.rheinmetall-automotive.com/en/products/range-extender/ [5] Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)  http://www.ieahev.org/about-the-technologies/plug-in-hybrid-electric-vehicles/ [6] Research gate  http://www.researchgate.net/_gure/279853330-_g5-Figure-5-Distribution-of-distance-driven-per-vehicle-day-on-days-when-the-vehicle-was [7] Hybrids explained: Mild v Full v Plug-in v Extended Range Electric Vehicle  http://www.caradvice.com.au/279850/hybrids-explained-mild-v-full-v-plug-in-v-extended-range-electric-vehicle/ [8] Electric Cars: De_ning Battery-Electrics, Plug-In Hybrids, Range-Extended  http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1098066-electric-cars-de_ning-battery-electrics-plug-in-hybrids-range-extended-more/ [9] Extended Range Electric Cars (E-REV) Doing away with Range Anxiety  http://www.thegreenage.co.uk/extended-range-electric-cars-doing-away-with-range-anxiety/ [10] Electric vehicle range https://www.ergon.com.au/network/smarter-energy/electric-vehicles/electric-vehicle-range/

Comparing the Grandmother in The Necklace and A Good Man is Hard to Fin

The Grandmother in The Necklace and A Good Man is Hard to Find The main characters Mrs. Loisel in "The Necklace" and the grandmother in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" are very similar because both these characters refused to admit to a mistake that they had made. They both had the same motivation prior to the mistake and they also had the same reason as to why they wanted to keep quiet about it. Although Mrs. Lisle's and the grandmother's penalties were different, it is still fair to compare the two because either way, dead or alive, both their lives were ruined. Mrs. Loisel and the grandmother are very similar due to the fact that they both had the same motivation prior to their accident. It was a selfish motivation that cost them their lives. Mrs. Loisel's character was selfish in "The Necklace" because instead of wearing flowers like her husband suggested, she chose to borrow her friend's jewelry. "You can wear some natural flowers. At this season they look very chic. For ten francs you can have two or three magnificent roses. 'No, she replied, there is nothing more humiliating than to have a shabby air in the midst of rich women.'" (67) This is truly an act of selfishness on Mrs. Loisel's part. If she wouldn't have been so arrogant, she could have just worn the flowers to the party and it would have saved her a lot of trouble. The grandmother's character in "A Good Man is Hard to Find" is also very selfish in her motivations. She felt she had to lie to her son, daughter-in-law and her grandchildren in order for her to be able to see that nice house again. "'There was a secret panel in this house' she said craftily, not telling the truth but wishing that she were, 'and the story went that all the family sil... ... comparable because like I illustrated before, they were both selfish people. All in all, these two characters were very similar. They both had the same selfish motivations. They both wanted something, and they didn't care what they did to get it. They also had the same reasons for keeping their secrets quiet, they were afraid of embarrassment. And in the end they both ruined their lives. Mrs. Loisel had to be a hard working woman for 10 years, which really took a toll on her. The grandmother was killed, as well as the rest of her family. If Mrs. Loisel and the grandmother would have told the truth from the start none of this would have happened. But now, just like most everyone in life, they were forced to pay the consequences for doing something wrong. Even though they didn't deserve the punishment they got, I guess it was all in the "luck" of the draw.